注釋

第一篇　文藝複興時期的軍事狀況 1　歐洲現代步兵的建立 1.Thestandardmonographis&ldquoTheBattleofGuinegate&rdquo（&ldquoDieSchlachtbeiGuinegate&rdquo）byErnstRichert.Berlindissertation，1907. 2.Dadizeele,Mémoires,ed.KerwyndeLettenhove,p.19.AccordingtoComines,therewere200noblemen. 3.AlltheearlierworksandstudiesonthelansquenetshavebeensupersededbythebookbyMartinNell,TheLansquenets,OriginoftheFirstGermanInfantry（DieLandsknechte,EntstehungdererstendeutschenInfanterie），Berlin，1914.Thisworkisexemplaryinitspenetratingstudyandperspicaciouscritique.ThefirstpartwaspublishedasaBerlindissertation.Theauthor,whowasjustifiedinhavingthefinesthopesforthefutureandlookedonlifewithyouthfultrust,fellonthefieldofhonorinFrancein1914. Erben,HistorischeZeitschrift，116：48，hadafewreservationsconcerningNell'sconclusions,whichwecanagreewith,buttheydonoteliminateanythingofimportance. 4.Inthefirstsevendocumentsinwhichthenameappears,Nellfoundthatitwaswrittentwiceas&ldquoLanzknechte，&rdquotwiceintheSwissminutesin1486as&ldquolandtsknechte，&rdquoandthreetimesas&ldquolantknechte.&rdquo 5.Lilienkron，2：362，20. 6.HobohmtreatsthismorethoroughlyinMachiavellisRenaissancederKriegskunst，2：394，withthereferencesat2：405.IcannotagreewithNell'sinterpretation. 7.Hobohm，2：426ff.，basinghisopiniononJovius,hasexpressedthebeliefthattheSwissspearwasinitiallyonly10feetlongandwasgraduallylengthenedto17or18feetasthesquaresofspearmenfoughtagainstoneanother.Nell,p.158，observedthatthelengtheningofthespearmustthereforehavestartedin1483.Presumablythespearsneverhada&ldquonormal&rdquolengthbuthadalwaysbeenofgreatlyvaryinglengths. 8.&ldquoStudiesontheLongSpear&rdquo（&ldquoStudienüberdenLangenSpiess&rdquo），ZeitschriftfürhistorischeWaffenkunde，4（1908）：301. 9.Böheim,intheZeitschriftfürhistorischeWaffenkunde，1：62. 10.TheworkappearedinVeniceasearlyas1496.IamusingtheversionreprintedinEccard,CorpusHistoricum,II，1612.Idonotwishtopresenttheabovetranslationascompletelyconfirmed.Theexpressionsusedbytheauthorarenotabsolutelyclear,eventhoughhewasaneyewitness.AnItaliantranslation（Venice，1549）doesnotshedanymorelightonthematter.Jähns，1：727，hasinterpretedthisnotasawheelingmovementbutacaracole.Becauseoftheseuncertainties,Iquotetheoriginaltexthere： AbhisphalanxunapeditumGermanorumerat,quaeomniumoculosinseconvertebat,quadrataefigurae,quaeVIM.peditumcontinebat,GeorgioPetroplanensiDuceintegerrimo,inequoeminente.Ineaacietympanorummultitudoaudiebaturgermanicomore,quibusauresrumpebanturhipectoretan-tumarmatoincedebantperordinesprimoaposterioreparvointervallo.Primilongioreslanceasinhumerisferebant,infestomucronesequenteslanceaserectioresportabantposthosbipennibusetsecuribusarmatiabhissigniferierant,adquoruminclinationemagmentotumacsiunarateveherentur,indextrum,laevum,retroregrediunturatergopilulariidictiparvorumtormentorumhosalaevaetsinistrascorpionumMagistrisivemanubalistariisequuntur.HiinconspectuBeatricisDucisquadratumagmenunosignoincuneumsubitocommutavere,paulopostinalassesedivisere:demuminrotundumalteratantumpartelevimotu,alteracursimmovebant,primapartecircumacta,postremaimmota,itautunumcorpusessevideretur. 11.JahrbücherfürSchweizerGeschichte，6：263.Basin:&ldquoSurrogavitenimineorumlocumaliospedites,quosappellabanthalbardurios,quisimilibusarmisindutiutfrancisagittarii,locoarcuumcontoslongosferratos,quosFlamingipikenappellant,autlatasquasdamsecures,secundumAlemannorumpeditumritum,deferebant&rdquo（&ldquoForheputotherinfantryintheirplace,whomtheycallhalberdiers.These,similarlyequippedtoFrencharchers,carriedinsteadofbowslongiron-tippedpoles,whichtheFlemishcallpikes,orbroadaxesfollowingthecustomofGermaninfantry.&rdquo） 12.Hobohm，2：329，345. 13.AccordingtoSpont,RevuedesQuestionsHistoriques，1899，p.60. 14.AccordingtoSusane,Histoiredel'infanteriefrançaise，1：14. 15.ProofbasedonthesourcesistobefoundinWillibaldBlock，&ldquoTheCondottieri:Studiesontheso-called&lsquoUnbloodyBattles'&rdquo（&ldquoDieCondottieri.Studienüberdiesogenannten&lsquounblutigenSchlachten&rsquo&rdquo），Berlindissertation，1913. 16.Hobohm，2：336. 2　火器 1.Fromtheabundantliteratureontheinventionofgunpowderandtheoldestfirearms,Imentionthefollowingworks:NapoleonIII,DuPasséetdel'Avenirdel'Artillerie.Thiswork,whichwaswrittenduringtheimprisonmentofLouisNapoleoninHam,isstillworthyofnotetoday.Withacertainamountofabridgmentandtheomissionofnotesandtables,itwascopiedintheOeuvresdeNapoléonIII,Vol.IV，1856，andwastranslatedbyLieutenant（laterLieutenantGeneral）H.Müller,Berlin，1856.A.Essenwein,SourcesontheHistoryofFirearms.FacsimileIllustrationsofOldOriginalDrawings,Miniatures,WoodCuts,andEtchings,togetherwithPhotographsofAuthenticOldWeaponsandModels（QuellenzurGeschichtederFeuerwaffen.FaksimilierteNachbildungalterOriginalzeichnungen,Miniaturen,HolzschnitteundKupferstichenebstAufnahmenalterOriginalwaffenundModelle）.PublishedbytheGermanicNationalMuseum.TextbyA.Essenwein.With213facsimileillustrations.Leipzig，1872-1877.Thierbach,M.，TheHistoricalDevelopmentofHandFirearms（DiegeschichtlicheEntwicklungderHandfeuerwaffen），Dresden，1886.Supplement，1899.Köhler,G.，TheDevelopmentoftheMilitarySystemandWarfareintheKnightlyPeriod（DieEntwicklungdesKriegswesensundderKriegführunginderRitterzeit），Vol.III,Breslau，1887（probablythemostvaluablepartofthisbroadlyconceivedwork）.Romocki,S.J.von,HistoryofExplosives（GeschichtederExplosivstoffe），Vol.I,Berlin,Hanover，1898.Veryvaluable,especiallybecauseofitscorrectedreprintofMarcusGraecus.Jähns,M.，HistoryoftheDevelopmentofOldOffensiveWeapons（SupplementonFirearms）（EntwicklungsgeschichtederaltenTrutzwaffen[AnhangFeuerwaffen]），Berlin，1899.Sixl,P.，&ldquoDevelopmentandUseofHandFirearms&rdquo（&ldquoEntwicklungundGebrauchderHandfeuerwaffen&rdquo），ZeitschriftfürhistorischeWaffenkunde,Iff.，1899ff.Reimer,P.，&ldquoGunpowderandBallisticConceptsintheFourteenthandFifteenthCenturies&rdquo（&ldquoDasPulverunddieballistischenAnschauungenimXIV.undXV.Jahrhundert&rdquo），ZeitschriftfürhistorischeWaffenkunde，1：164ff.Also4：367.OskarGuttmann,RecordsofGunpowder（Monumentapulverispyrii），London，1906.KarlJacobs,TheDevelopmentofFirearmsontheLowerRhineuptotheYear1400（DasAufkommenderFeuerwaffenamNiederrheinebiszumJahre1400），Bonn,PeterHanstein,publisher，1910.Anexcellentdocumentthatpresentsmuchmorethanthetitleindicates.RudolfSchneider,intheZeitschriftfürhistorischeWaffenkunde,Vol.6，Book3，&ldquoAByzantineFirearm&rdquo（&ldquoEinebyzantinischeFeuerwaffe&rdquo）.SeealsointhisconnectionthearticlebyR.Forrer，&ldquoArcheologicalandTechnicalAspectsoftheByzantineFirearmofthecod.Vat1605c.EleventhCentury&rdquo（&ldquoArchäologischesundTechnischeszuderbyzantinischenFeuerwaffedescod.Vat1605c.11.Jahrhundert&rdquo）inthefourthbookofthesameperiodical（1909）.ThesetwoarticlesovertakeRomocki'sworkwithcompletelynewmaterial.M.Feldhaus,inhisGreatPagesofTechnology（RuhmesblätterderTechnik），Leipzig，191-[sic]，givesavaluablesurveybasedonhisownresearch.Recently,anewcontributioninthisfieldwithveryvaluablenewconclusionshasbeenaddedbyRathgen（LieutenantGeneral）andSchäfer，&ldquoFirearmsandLong-rangeWeaponsinthePapalArmyintheFourteenthCentury&rdquo（&ldquoFeuer-undFernwaffenbeimpäpstlichenHeerim14.Jahrhundert&rdquo），ZeitschriftfürhistorischeWaffenkunde,Vol.VII,Book1，1915. 2.SchneiderandForrer,op.cit. 3.SeeRomocki,GeschichtederExplosivstoffe,forthebestandmostthoroughtreatmentofthissubject. 4.Romocki,p.31. 5.Underthesecircumstances,ImaybepermittedtopassoverthequestionastowhetherandtowhatextentgunpowderandfirearmswereknowninancientIndia.OnthispointseeOppert,Gustav，&ldquoOntheQuestionofGunpowderinAncientIndia&rdquo（&ldquoZurSchiesspulverfrageimaltenIndien&rdquo），MitteilungenzurGeschichtederMedizinundNaturwissenschaften，4：421-437. 6.RathgenandSchäfer，&ldquoFeuer-undFernwaffenbeimpäpstlichenHeerim14.Jahrhundert.&rdquo 7.ThisworkbyWalterdeMillemeteisentitledDeofficiisregum（OntheDutiesofKings）andwaspresumablywrittenin1325oratthebeginningofthereignofEdwardIII,thatis,shortlyafter1327.ThemanuscriptisinOxford.TheillustrationistobefoundinGuttmann，figure69，reproducedintheZeitschriftfürhistorischeWaffenkundeandalso,veryunclearly,inFeldhaus,p.100.Ihandedmycolleague,Tangl,thesamplegiveninGuttmann,andhetoldmethatnoconclusioncouldbedrawnfromthepassage.Whilehewascertainitbelongedinthefourteenthcentury,itwasofthetypeofelegantwritingwhichcontainssolittleofanindividualcharacterthatitisimpossibletoestablishacloserdate.Buthewentontosaythatifthemanuscriptcanbeprovedtostemfromtheyearstowhichithasbeenattributed（1325-1327），thenwemayalsoassumethattheillustrationisfromthesameperiod.Thefactthattheprojectilewiththearrowpointisaimedatthegateofastrongholdcouldperhapsbeinterpretedasindicatingthatwearedealingwithapurelydecorativecompositionthatdoesnotnecessarilyshowfiringagainstthestronggate.Shootingwithboltsinsteadofballswasactuallydone. 8.ThemostimportantaretwofrescoesinthechurchoftheformermonasteryofSt.LeonardoinLeccettonearSiena,onwhichasiegewithacannonandahandfirearmareshown（Guttmann,p.28）.Accordingtoanaccountbook,themasterPaulwaspaid16L.，12R.fortheseworksinJune1343.ProfessorTangltoldme,however,thatthewritingintheaccountbookisofamuchlaterperiod. 9.OnthispointseethearticlesbySchneiderandForrernamedinnote1above. 10.Ofcourse,RathgenandSchäferpointoutthatinthepapalaccounts,asdetailedastheyareinotherrespects,thereisnoentryforwoodfortheblocks.Theysay,however,thattheseblocksmayhavebeenmadeonthespot. 11.AccordingtoClephan，&ldquoASketchoftheHistoryandEvolutionoftheHandgun，&rdquoFestschriftfürThierbach,pp.35，40，gunpowderandvarioustypesofcannonarementionedforthefirsttimeinEnglandin1338，inaprocurementcontract. 12.WithrespecttoMeissen,seeBaarmannintheFestschriftfürThierbach,p.67，whereitissaidthatthedefenderofSalzderheldensuccessfullyusedaleadfirearmseveralyearsearlier. 13.&ldquoOntheOldestCannoninSwitzerland,withaDocumentfromtheYear1391&rdquo（&ldquoUeberältesteGeschützeinderSchweiz,miteinerUrkundevomJahre1391&rdquo），byDr.J.HäneinZurich.AnzeigerfürschweizerischeAltertumskunde,newseries，2（1900）：215-222. 14.Jacobs,p.136. 15.Favé，3：80ff.，accordingtoKöhler. 16.Theribaudequinswereoriginallylargecrossbowsthatwereinstalledonthewalls.Inthefifteenthcenturytheywereoftennamedascannon.ThemostimportantpassagesarecitedinKöhler,KriegswesenderRitterzeit，3：178，279，315. 17.InanextractfromtheBookofPyrotechnics（Feuerwerksbuch）of1429itisalreadystatedhow&ldquolumppowder&rdquowasmadeandthefactthatthispowderwasmoreeffectivethanfinepowder.Köster（p.336）andJähns（p.401）believethatthislumppowderwasnotyetatruegranulationbutonlyapreliminarystep.Romocki,p.182，andClephan,p.36，callitsimplygranulation.Clephanaddsthat,nevertheless,finepowdercontinuedtobeusedforalongtimeandgranulatedpowderwasagainusedatthebeginningofthesixteenthcentury.Asthereasonforthis,heassumes,asdoesKöhler，3：255，thattheexplosionofthegranulatedpowderwassostrongthattheweakcannoncouldnotwithstandit.Thisexplanationisnotveryenlightening,sinceonecouldhaveusedlesspowder. 18.G.Körting,Petrarch'sLifeandWorks（PetrarcasLebenundWerke），p.542，saysthatthepoetdevotedmanyyearstothisworkbutdidnotfinishituntilhewasold&mdashon4October1366，accordingtoareliablesource.Azzodiedin1362.ThisdateisalsoacceptedbyKarlFörster,Petrarch'sCollectedCanzonas（PetrarcassämtlicheCanzone,usw.），translation，2ded.，1833，p.XI.ThisreportisbasedonBaldelli,DelPetrarcaedellesueopere,Florence，1797.2ded.，Fiesole，1837.Blanc,inErschandGruber,III，19，p.237，reportsthatPetrarchstartedtheworkin1358andfinisheditin1360.In1360orearly1361hesupposedlypresentedittotheDauphin,laterCharlesVofFrance,ontheoccasionofadiplomaticmission,andCharleshadittranslatedintoFrench.BlancalsobaseshisstatementsonBaldelli,butBaldelli,inhissecondeditionatanyrate,names1366astheyearofcompletion. 19.PublishedinGenevabyJacobStoerin1645，p.302. 20.Intheword&ldquowooden&rdquoJähnssawindirectproofofitsderivationfromthemadfaa.Thatdoesnotseemcleartome. 21.Jovius,Elogiavirorumbellicavirtuteillustrium（AphorismsofMenDistinguishedbyMilitaryVirtue），Basel，1575，p.184.AlsoGuicciardini,Historiad'Italia,Venice，1562，4：100. 22.Jacobs,p.53. 23.Jacobs,p.51ff.，p.136. 24.Napoléon,Etudes,p.66. 25.Baarmann，&ldquoTheDevelopmentoftheGunCarriageuptotheBeginningoftheSixteenthCenturyandItsRelationshiptothatoftheRifleStock&rdquo（&ldquoDieEntwicklungderGeschützlafettebiszumBeginndes16.JahrhundertsundihrerBeziehungenzuderdesGewehrschaftes&rdquo），FestschriftfürThierbach,p.54.Averyvaluablestudy.IcannotagreewiththedifferingopinionsinEssenweinandGohlke（GeschichtederFeuerwaffen）.AccordingtovonGraevenitz,GattamelataandColleoniandTheirRelationshipstotheArt（GattamelataundColleoniundihreBeziehungenzurKunst），Leipzig，1906，p.96，ColleoniplacedcannononmobilecarriagesandtherebybecamethecreatorofthefieldartilleryinItaly. 26.RobertusValturius,deremilitari（OnMilitaryAffairs），Verona，1482，hasaseriesofillustrationsofcannoninBookX.Amongthemarealsobombswithburningtinder,butinotherrespectsthepicturesarefantasies. 27.OnhisrapidmarchfromRometoNaplesin1495，CharlesVIIIbombardedthecityofMonteFortinosothatitcouldbetakenbystorm（Pilorgerie,Campagnede1494-1495，p.174）.ThesameprocedurewasrepeatedatMontediSanGiovanni（p.174）.CharlesVIIIhimselfgivestestimonyinaletterwrittenonthedayofthevictory（9February1495）of&ldquoabombardmentoffourhours.&rdquoDuringthattimeanextensivebreachhadbeenmade（p.176）.Inaletterdated11February,CharlesreferstoMonteFortinoas&ldquooneofthefortifiedplacesofthiscountryfamousforitsstrength.&rdquoHedidnotmoveoutagainstthiscityuntilafterthemiddaymeal,andlessthananhourafterthefirstshottheattackhadalreadysucceeded（pp.177-178）.Aletterfromahigh-rankingFrenchofficerfromNaples,writteninFebruary1495，states：&ldquoOurartilleryisnotlarge,butwehavefoundmoreinthiscityandlargestocksofpowder.Butwehaveashortageofironboltsbecauseheretheyhaveonlystones&rdquo（p.197）.&mdashInthepresenceofthekingtheshootingwasbetter&mdash&ldquoTodaythekingwenttodinewiththeartillery,andinshortorderthecannoneersfiredsowellthattheyknockeddownatower&rdquo（13March1495）.（Pilorgerie,Campagnede1494-1495，p.211）. 28.Beck,HistoryofIron（GeschichtedesEisens），1：906，saysthatironballswereamongtheearliestprooffortheinventionofironcastingandexistedlongbefore1470，whenLouisXIsupposedlyboughtthesecretfromaGermanJew（p.910）.Onp.915heevenclaimstheygobacktothebeginningofthefifteenthcentury.Butthatcertainlyseemsfalse.Inthosecaseswhereironballsarementionedearlier,theymayhavebeen,asBeckhimselfsays,forgedballs,andthecast-ironballsthatappearedtowardtheendofthefifteenthcenturywereregardedassomethingentirelynew.Jähns，1：427，citesthestatementfromananonymousmilitarybookdated1450totheeffectthatstoneballsweretobepreferredbecausetheyweremuchlessexpensivethanthoseofironorlead.Thehighprice,however,canhardlyhavebeenadecisivefactorwhenwerealizethat,althoughtheindividualstoneballwasmuchcheaper,themanufacture,transportation,andmanipulationofthecannonthatitrequiredwereallthemorecostly.ThemanuscriptofabookonpyrotechnicsthatJähns，2：405，placesintheyear1454recommendscoveringironballswithcastlead.Thiscannodoubtreferonlytoforgedironballswhichwereroundedoffwiththeleadcasting,somethingthatcouldnotbedoneeasilybyforging.Thiswouldthereforeseemtobeindirectproofthatthecastingofironitselfwasnotyetunderstood.ANuremberginventoryof1462thatismentionedinJähns，1：427，doesnotshowironcannonballs. 29.Liebe，&ldquoTheSocialRankofArtillery&rdquo（&ldquoDiesozialeWertungderArtillerie&rdquo），ZeitschriftfürhistorischeWaffenkunde，2：146. 30.DelaNoue，26.Discours,Observationsmilitaires,ed.of1587，p.755. 31.Sello，&ldquoTheCampaignofBurgraveFrederickinFebruary1414&rdquo（&ldquoDerFeldzugBurggrafFriedrichsimFebruar1414&rdquo），ZeitschriftfürPreussischeGeschichte，19（1882）：101. 32.Sello,p.101. 33.ThelastthreeexamplesaretakenfromthecollectedpassagesinR.Schneider,NeueJahrbücherfürdasklassischeAltertum，1909，p.139.TheeffectivenessofthegiantTurkishcannonbeforeConstantinopleispicturedontheotherside,however,asverystrong.SeeEssenwein,p.34，andJacobs,p.128ff. 34.RudolfSchneider,Anonymiderebusbellicisliber，1908.Schneider，&ldquoBeginningandEndoftheTorsionEngines&rdquo（&ldquoAnfangundEndederTorsionsgeschütze&rdquo），NeueJahrbücherfürdasklassischeAltertum，1909.Schneider,TheArtilleryoftheMiddleAges（DieArtilleriedesMittelalters），1910.IntheseotherwiseexcellentwritingsIconsideraserroneouswhatissaidabouttheCarolingianperiod.Thecapitulariesarenot&ldquolaws，&rdquobutsimpleprescriptionsforindividualcases,andthereisnoproofthatleverageenginesdidnotexistatthetimeofCharlemagne.Consequently,nothingpreventsusfromconsideringthatthepassagesfromPaulusDiaconusandfromthevitaHludowici（LifeofHludowicus）citedbySchneider,p.24f.，refertosuchleverageengines.Thereisnobasis（p.61）forascribingtheirinventiontotheNormans.Erroneous,too,istherationaleonp.22fortheinabilityofthescaratomanufactureanduseprojectileweapons. 35.RathgenandSchäfer，&ldquoFeuer-undFernwaffenbeimpäpstlichenHeer.&rdquo 36.Jähns,p.429.Burckhardt,GeschichtederRenaissanceinItalien,Sect.108，p.224，saysthatFederigoofUrbino（1444-1482）introducedlowfortsinsteadofhighones,sincethecannonwaslesseffectiveagainstthelowerones.VonStetten,GeschichtevonAugsburg，1：195ff.，reportsthat,whereasinthatcityinthesecondhalfofthefifteenthcenturytheveryenergeticworkonthecityfortificationsstillconsistedofraisingtheheightofthewalls,withtheturnofthecenturyaclearlyrecognizableturnabouttookplace.Wallsandtowerswereloweredtoacertainheight,strongmoundsofearthwereerected,themoatsweredeepenedand&ldquolined，&rdquobastionsandravelinswereinstalled,andsoon.Thelawgoverningtheradiusbecamestricterandstricterin1542，despitetheprotestsoftheclergy,evenachurchwasrazed.Forfurtherinformation,seetheconsiderationsofGuicciardiniinHistoriad'Iitalia,Venice，1562，pp.388，425.Accordingtothissource,theconquestofOtrantobytheTurksin1480andthereconquestbyDukeAlfonsoofCalabriainthefollowingyearwerelandmarksinsiegewarfare.DelaNoue，18.discours，2.Paradox.Ed.1587，p.387.Ishallgonofurtherintothetechniqueseitheroffortificationoroftheattackinstead,IreferthereadertothecorrespondingsectionsinJähns,GeschichtederKriegswissenschaften.Fromamethodologicalviewpoint,itisinterestingtoseewhatkindsofexaggerationsgaincredenceinsomethingthatisnewandsurprising.InhisHistoryoftheArtillery,NapoleonIIIestablishesthefactthatCharlesVIIIinhiscampaignintoItalyin1494transported100cannonofmediumcaliberand40heavycannon.Awholeseriesofauthors,however,givehimasmanyas240cannonand2，040fieldpieces,indeedasmanyas6，000lightcannon.Theseexaggerationsaredueinparttocopyingerrorsandinparttothefactthatthe6，000&ldquovastardeurs&rdquo（pioneers,workers）whoaccompaniedthearmyweremisunderstoodascannon. 37.AccordingtoSourcesfortheHistoryofFirearms（QuellenzurGeschichtederFeuerwaffen），p.100，theword&ldquocannon&rdquoappearsforthefirsttimeinaSpanishordnancebookofCharlesV. 38.Guicciardini,Historiad'Italia，1：24.Joviusfortheyear1515.Hist.Lib.XV，1：298. 39.vonEllgger,MilitarySystemandMilitaryArtoftheSwissConfederation（KriegswesenundKriegskunstderschweizerischenEidgenossen），Lucerne，1873，p.139. 40.Joviuslib.Ifortheyear1494andlib.XVbeforeMarignano. 41.TheSwissatFrastenz（DieSchweizerbeiFrastenz）：Stettier，342，citedinRanke,Werke，34：115.ValeriusAnshelm,BernChronicle,Bern，1826，2：396.Jovius,LebenGonsalvos,Venice，1581，p.292，atCerignolain1503.LikewiseatSurianoin1497：Jovius,Hist.lib.IV.AtMarignano:Jovius,Lib.XV.AtRavennain1512:Jovius,LebenLeos,X，lib.II；Guicciardini,Historiad'Italia,lib.XIReissner,LebenFrundsbergs,Frankfurt，1620，fol.41-42.AtNovaratheSwisssupposedlyfiredwithconqueredFrenchcannontheyhadturnedaround:Fleuranges,Mémoires,p.151. TheVenetianambassadorQuiriniwrotethefollowingdescriptionoftheGermanbattlesquareattheendof1507: ...assoonastheyseethefireofthecannon,theinfantrymenautomaticallyhavetoliftthehalberdsandlonglancesalltogetherovertheirheadsandtocrossonelanceovertheother,andlikewisethehalberds,andatthesametimetodroptothegroundsolowthatthecannon,whichdonotfiredownward,passoverthemorhitinthehalberdsandlonglances,notdoingmuchharmtotheinfantrymenoftheformation.Forthisreason,theGermanscustomarilynowmakethewheelsoftheguncarriagessosmallandlowthattheenemiescanbeharmed,eveniftheydropdownasindicatedandwhentheformationisabouttoassault,thehalberdiersandlikewisethosewiththelonglancesalllowertheirhalberdsandalsotheirlonglances,withthepointsforwardandnotabovetheirshoulders.（RelazionidegliAmbasc.Veneti[ReportsoftheVenetianAmbassadors]，Ed.Albèri,SeriesI，6：21-22）. In1537deLangeytaughtthatthebestdefenseagainsttheartillerywastotakeitbystormsothatitwouldnothavetimeforasecondshot,ortoapproachitinawideformationsothatitwouldhitfewermen.TrewerRath,fol.III,recommendshaving300&ldquorunners&rdquo（includingafewgoodmusketeers）closequicklyonthecannon. 42.&ldquoNullopropeusuifore&rdquo（&ldquoItwouldbenearlyuseless&rdquo），Jovius,Hist.Lib.I,Venice，1553，1：30. 43.BookII,Chap.17.SeealsotheaccountinComines，2：258.Ed.Mandrot. 44.Essais,BookI. 45.Levitededicenovehuominiillustri（TheLivesofNineteenFamousMen），Venice，1581，lib.III. 46.Avila,SchmalkaldicWar（SchmalkaldischerKrieg），Venice，1548，p.40. 47.Sixl，2：167. 48.Thename&ldquohookfirearm&rdquowasderivedfromthishookandsurvivedforalongtime,takingtheform&ldquohaquebutte&rdquoinFrench.Thiswordmayalsohavebeeninfluencedbyitssimilarityto&ldquoarkebuse&rdquo（harquebus）.Jähns,however,hassurmisedthatthename&ldquohookfirearm&rdquowasderivedfromthehookintowhichthematchwasclamped,andthisinterpretationisactuallysupportedbycommonsense.Theinventionofthis&ldquohook&rdquorepresentedamuchmoreimportantstepforwardthantheinventionoftherecoilhook.Thelatter,ofcourse,couldonlybeusedinaprepareddefensivepositionandintargetshooting.Theforkdidnotprovideanyresistancefortherecoilevenathree-leggedstandwouldhavebeentooweakforthat. 49.Sixl,ZeitschriftfürhistorischeWaffenkunde，2：334，407，409，onthebasisoffiringreportsfromZurichin1472，Würzburgin1474，Eichstädtin1487，andothers.InnoteworthycontradictiontotheseisGuicciardini'scommentthatbeforePaviain1525theentrenchedlinesofthetwosideswereonly40pacesapartandthebastionsweresoclosethattheharquebusmarksmencouldhavefiredoneachother.Thegreaterdistancesincompetitiveshootingaresoextensivelyconfirmedthatwecannotdoubtthem,butevenifthepacesweretakentobeofthesmallestpossiblelength,itisstilldifficulttounderstandwhytheywantedtoshootattargetsatsuchdistanceswiththefirearmsofthatperiod. 50.Forrer,ZeitschriftfürhistorischeWaffenkunde，4：55. 51.ZeitschriftfürhistorischeWaffenkunde，1：316. 52.InstitutiondeladisciplinemilitaireauRoyaumedeFrance,Lyon，1559，Vol.I,Chap.10，p.46.AccordingtoJovius,CharlesVsufferedheavylossesinAlgiersin1541becausearainfallextinguishedthematches.AsimilarreportappearsinVieilleville,Mémoires,Vol.Ill,Chap.22. 53.AccordingtotheBadmintonArcheryBook,byCharlesLongman.London，1894. 54.Tielcke,ContributionstotheArtofWarandHistoryoftheWarof1756to1763（BeyträgezurKriegskunstundGeschichtedesKriegesvon1756bis1763），2：22. 55.Theastonishingaccuracyofthepresent-dayMongolianswiththebowandarrowisreportedbyvonBinderintheMilitär-Wochenblatt，8（1905）：173.FortheaccomplishmentswiththebowandarrowintheMiddleAges,seeGiraldusCambrensis,citedinOman,HistoryoftheArtofWar,p.559.Ontheoccasionofasiege,Welsharchersreportedlyshottheirarrowsthroughanoakdoor4inchesthick.Giraldushimselfclaimedtohaveseenin1188thearrows,whichhadbeenleftinthedoorasamatterofcuriosity.Theironpointscouldjustbeseenontheinteriorofthedoor.Anarrowwasalsoreportedtohavepenetratedaknight'scoatofmail,hismailbreeches,histhigh,throughthewoodofhissaddle,anddeepintotheflankofhishorse. 56.Comines,Ed.Mandrot，2：296. 57.Escher,NeujahrsblattderZüricherFeuerwerker，1906，p.23. 58.Ranke,Werke，2：269. 59.DevitamagniConsalvi（OntheLifeofGonsalvotheGreat），Opere，1578，2：243. 60.AccordingtotheverycarefulandenlighteningstudybyR.Forrer,ZeitschriftfürhistorischeWaffenkunde，4：57. 61.Jovius,Elogiavir.ill.（AphorismsofDistinguishedMen），BookIII. 62.MartinduBellayasaneyewitness.Mémoires,Ed.1753，5：296. 63.SeealsoMartinduBellay,Mémoires,Ed.1753，BookX，6：35. 64.&ldquoPistol&rdquo（&ldquoPistole&rdquo）comesfromtheSlavic（Bohemian）&ldquopistala&rdquo（tube，firingtube）.InaBreslauinventoryof1483arelisted235&ldquoPis-deallen.&rdquoThisnumberindicatesthatthesewerehandweapons,butwecannottellwhatkindofweapon.SourcesfortheHistoryofFirearms（QuellenzurGeschichtederFeuerwaffen），publishedbytheGermanicMuseum,Leipzig，1877，pp.46，112.Thenameoftheweaponhasnothingtodowiththeword&ldquoPistoja.&rdquo 65.Susane,Histoiredelacavalleriefrançaise，1：48. 66.AccordingtotheQuellenzurGeschichtederFeuerwaffen,p.118，apistolappearsinanillustrationdatedasearlyas1531；anotherpistol,withawheellock，&ldquojudgingfromitscomponentpartsandform，&rdquoisdated&ldquoapproximately&rdquointheseconddecadeofthesixteenthcentury. 3　長槍方陣戰術 1.WemightberemindedofthebattleofSellasia,butthesourcesforthatbattlearemuchtoouncertain.SeeVol.I,p.241. 2.TheSpanishtheoreticiansoftheschoolofAlba&mdashValdes,Eguiluz,andLechuga&mdashfavoredashallowerformationfortheinfantry（Jähns，1：729ff.）.Atanyrate,theypreferredthesquarebyspacetothesquareofmen,buttheyalsofavoredanevenshallowerformation,goingasfarasaratioof1：7.ValdesgivesasanexamplethatAlbaonceformedhis1，200spearmen,threeterzios，60menwideand20mendeep. Mendozagivesnopositiveprescriptionbutsimplymentionsthattheyhadbothwiderformationsanddeeperformations.IntheInstitutiondeladisciplinemilitaireauRoyaumedeFrance,Lyon，1559，p.73，thespacesquare,whichhastwiceasmanyfilesasranks,isprescribed. 3.TheItalianGiovacchinodaConiano,whowasasergeantmajorintheEnglishserviceagainstFranceinthe1540s,sketchedanddescribedaseriesofthirty-twobattleformations.Thereweresupposedtohavebeenevenmore.（Commentbytheeditorattheendofthedocument:&ldquoItwasentitledDell'OrdinanzeoverobattagliedelcapitanGiovacchinodaConjano,printedinBookIIIoftheworkDeliaFortificationedellecittàdiGirolamoMaggieJacomoCastriotto.Venice，1583，115ff.）Thewholeworkwasalreadyassembledin1564.（SeeMauriceI.D.Cockle,ABibliographyofEnglishMilitaryBooksUpto1642andofContemporaryForeignWorks.London，1900，pp.141，200.）Althoughthesomewhatboastfulsoldierrefersagainandagaintopracticaltestingofhisformationsinthefaceoftheenemy,wecanprobablynotlendhimtoomuchcredence.TheaccomplishmentsontheEnglishsidebeforeBoulogneatthattimedidnotevokemuchrespectelsewhereintheworld.Nevertheless,itisinterestingthatthesergeantmajorwasalreadysketchingveryshallowformations,withthejustificationthathehadexperiencedhowmuchbetteritwastohavemoreweaponsinthefrontlineinactionsimultaneously（Fol.119-720）. 4　傭兵軍隊的内部建制 1.ThestandarddocumentforthissubjectisthecarefulandworthwhilestudybyWilhelmErben，&ldquoOriginandDevelopmentoftheGermanArticlesofWar&rdquo（&ldquoUrsprungundEntwicklungderdeutschenKriegsartikel&rdquo），intheFestgabefürTheodorSickel,MitteilungendesInstitutsfür'ostreichischeGeschichtsforschung,supplementaryVol.VI，1900，withafewlateradditionsbythesameauthor.CloselylinkedwiththisworkistheequallyexcellentbookbyBurkhardvonBonin,BasesoftheLegalSystemintheGermanArmyattheBeginningoftheModernEra（to1600）（GrundzügederRechtsverfassungindemdeutschenHeerezuBeginnderNeuzeit[bis1600]）.Weimar，1904.AlsoveryimportantandprovidinggoodorientationbyitscomprehensivenessistheworkbyWilhelmBeck,TheOldestLettersofArticlesfortheGermanInfantry（DieältestenArtikelbriefefürdasdeutscheFussvolk），1908.SeeErben'sreviewintheHistorischeZeitschrift，102：368. 2.&ldquoWeibel&rdquo（Feldwebel:firstsergeant）isrelatedtotheword&ldquoweben&rdquo（&ldquotoweave&rdquo）andmeanstheservantwhomovesquicklyhereandthere,runningbackandforth.TheFeldwebelwasinitiallyassignedbythecolonelasresponsibleforliningupthewholeregimentandonlylatergraduallybecameafunctionaryforthecompany.The&ldquoGemeinweibel，&rdquowhoaresupposedbysomescholarstohavebeenelectedbythetroopsinordertopresenttheirpossiblecomplaintstothecaptain,seemtomesomewhatquestionable.Onthispoint,seeBonin,p.50，andErben,p.14. 3.Bonin,p.170，citesafewpassagesthatindicatethatthefirstsergeantwasnottostrikewithhisfistorwithstaffs,butwiththeshaftofhishalberd.Thecaptainandthelieutenantweresupposed&ldquotostrikeintheircommanddutieswithshortsticks，&rdquobut&ldquonotwithoutgreatreasontherefor.&rdquo 4.Bonin,p.21. 5.GeorgPaetel,TheOrganizationoftheHessianArmyunderPhiliptheMagnanimous（DieOrganisationdeshessischenHeeresunterPhilippdemGrossmütigen），1897. 6.26.Discours.Observationsmilitaires,Ed.1587，p.750. 7.Paetel,p.231. 8.SaxonArticlesofWarof1546（SächsischeKriegsartikelvon1546）.PublishedintheMilitär-Wochenblatt,No.157，1909，byG.Berbig. 9.EidgenössischeAbschiede，3.1.599. 10.Whenthewarsofreligionstartedin1562，thesoldiersonbothsidesinitiallyconductedthemselvesveryproperly.AmongtheHuguenotsnoswearingwasheard,andnogamblingorprostitutesweretobeseen.Thepopulationwasnotbothered.ButColignysaidatthattimetodelaNoue:&ldquoThatwillnotlasttwomonths.&rdquoHewascompletelyright.Furthermore,onoccasionhetookstringentstepsandhadrobbershanged.DelaNoue,Discours26，Observationsmilitaires,Ed.1587，pp.681-686. 11.DelaNouetreatsthesefraternalgroupsthoroughly.Discours16，Ed.1587，p.352ff. 12.Jähns，2：924. 13.S.C.Gigon,Latroisièmeguerredereligion.Jarnac-Moncontour（1568-1569），p.376. 14.TheArtofDismountedWar（KriegskunstzuFuss），pp.20-21. 15.Forexample,GeorgvonLüneburghadnofewerthan1，200Polesinhisservicein1636. 16.ArchivesOranien-Nassau，2dSeries，2：275. 17.Archives,p.10. 18.Chemnitz,SwedishWar（SchwedischerKrieg），PartIV,Book2，p.141. 19.Pufendorf,B.19，Ed.1688，2：320.ApparentlyfromChemnitz. 20.Suchaconvention&ldquodebonneguerre&rdquo（&ldquoofgoodwar&rdquo）wassignedbyGonzagoandBrissacin1553.Hardy,Histoiredelatactiquefrançaise,p.463.Men-at-armsandprivatesoldiers&ldquowillsuddenlybereleased，&rdquowithouthavingtopay,aftertheyhavebeen&ldquodévalisés&rdquo&mdashthatis,disarmedandrelievedoftheirpossessions. 21.KriegskunstzuFuss,pp.16，22.Jähns，2：1018. 5　戰例介紹 1.Hobohm，2：518. 2.ThisbattleisthoroughlytreatedbyRüstowinHistoryoftheInfantry（GeschichtederInfanterie），byJähnsinManualofaHistoryofWarfare（HandbucheinerGeschichtedesKriegswesens），andbyRanke,HistoryoftheRomanicandGermanicPeoples（GeschichtederromanischenundgermanischenVölker），Werke，33：25.Alltheseaccounts,whichdiffersignificantlyfromoneanother,needseriouscorrecting.Rüstowb