注釋

關燈
mlhrigeKriegnachrussischerDarstellung),pp.175,180. 31.TheconsiderationsthatFrederickmentionsinhisGeneral-Prinzipien(1748)totheeffectthatitwasgenerallymoreadvantageousforhimtoattackMoraviaratherthanBohemia,arebasedontheassumptionthatSaxonywasnotinhispossession.ThispointisexplainedexcellentlyinthestudybyOttoHerrmannintheJahrbücherfürArmeeundMarine,Vol.121.TheGeneralstabswerk,inthevolumedevotedtotheyear1758,alsoabandonstheconceptthatisstillrepresentedinthefirstvolumes.ItsdiscussionsarefilledoutinaveryvaluablewayinanarticlebyOttoHerrmannintheHistorischeVierteljahres-Schrift,1912,Vol.1.Later,thekingstatedthattheinvasionofMoraviawasparticularlyadvantageous,alsoundertheassumptionthathehadpossessionofSaxony.Suchconsiderationsnaturallyhavenotheoreticalsignificance.Theyaregeographicalandtopographicalstudiesthataremadebyeverystrategyinallperiods,andnecessarilyso.Inparticular,thefactthatViennawasthreatenedmorestronglyfromMoraviathanfromBohemiaisnotaconsiderationofthestrategyofannihilation,forexample,butofthestrategyofattrition,fortheformerdoesnotplantothreatentheenemycapitalbuttoconquerit. 32.WhenFrederickwasinMoravia,hehad55,000menthere,some17,000inSilesia,22,000inSaxony,and22,000underDohna,aswellasseveralthousandsick.Thenormalstatementthathewasalmostasstrongasin1757isthereforenotcorrect. 33.TheGeneralstabswerkreportsthiswithdrawaltwice.Onpage92thePrussiansmovedbackbeforeDaun'sapproachmarch.Onpage106theywerecalledbackbecausethekingplannedtoliftthesiege. 34.Retzow,1:293. 35.UnpublishedReports(UngedruckteNachrichten),2:367.Bernhardt1:243,hasthecreditforcallingattentiontothisuniquereportfromthediaryofajuniorofficer.Butwhenheadds,&ldquoNooneknewhowtogoaboutrequisitions,&rdquoheisunfairtotheresourcefulnessandintelligenceofFrederickandhisofficers. 36.Retzow,p.294,doessayexpressly,&ldquoThelossesinmen,cannon,munitions,andrationswereconsiderable,&rdquobutwemustneverthelesstakeintoaccountontheotherhandthatFrederickhadtakenmuchoftheprovisionsforhisarmyfromenemyterritory.InBohemiacontributionswereevenforced.UngedruckteNachrichten,2:367. 37.Generalstabswerk,7:232. 38.Arneth,5:388. 39.Theneweststudy,basedontheGeneralstabswerk,isthearticlebyLaubertintheBrandenburgisch-PreussischeForschungen,25(1913):91. 40.TheGeneralstabswerkestimatesthestrengthofthecombinedRussiansandAustriansinthebattleas79,000,whileKoserestimatesonlybetween68,000and69,000men,16,000ofwhomwereirregulars.TheGeneralstabswerkgivesFrederick49,900men,ofwhomthetroopswhocoveredthebridgesandgarrisonedFrankfurtwereestimatedassome7,000men.Koser'sstatement(2:25),totheeffectthat53,121menwerecountedatthecrossingoftheOder,contradictsp.37,whereonly49,000menaregiven.TheoriginofthiserrorhasalreadybeendiscoveredbyLaubert,DieSchlachtbeiKunersdorf,p.52. 41.ThisargumentationappearsagainandagaininMasslowski,DerSiebenjährigeKriegnachrussischerDarstellung(translatedbyDrygalski). 42.Clausewitzclaimedtofindthislackofcautionsoextremethatitwas&ldquohardlypossibletoexplainit,tosaynothingofexcusingit.&rdquoTheexplanationisfoundinthestudybyLudwigMollwo,Marburgdissertation,1893.Itistobefoundintheconceptofthe&ldquounassailableposition,&rdquosocharacteristicofthatperiod.ThekingassumedascertainthattheAustrianswereabouttoevacuateSaxonyandthattheywouldnotattack.ButDaunrecognizedhisadvantage,summoneduphiscourage,attackedFinck,andoverpoweredhimwithhislargesuperiority,andthatallthemoreeasilysincethePrussiantroopsconsistedpartiallyofcapturedRussianswhohadcomeovertotheirserviceandimpressedSaxons. 43.IntheBrandenburgisch-PreussischeForschungen,2(1889):263,HerrmannpublishedaletterfromGaudytoPrinceHenry,dated11December1760,inwhichhesaysthat&ldquounfortunatecannonshots&rdquowerethecauseoftheprematureattack.Hesaysthatthecavalryandartillerywerealsonotyetinplace. 44.Daniels,PreussischeJahrbücher,78:137. 45.Arneth,6:259. 46.On30JuneTschernyscheff'sRussiancorpsjoinedforceswiththePrussians,andon1Julytheadvanceofthecombinedarmiesbegan.On18JulycamethenewsoftheabdicationofCzarPeter.DuringthistimeFrederickcouldhavefoughtabattlewithconsiderablesuperiority,ifhehadplannedforit.ButheplannedtodosoonlyincasetheAustrianswouldhavebeenobligedtodetachapartoftheirarmyagainsttheTurks. 7 戰略家腓特烈 1.ThisisveryclearlydescribedbyGeneralvonCaemmererinDefenseandWeapons(WehrundWaffen),2:101. 2.WhentheTrueAdvice(Frundsberg)requires&ldquo10,000footsoldiers,1,500saddlehorses,andappropriatefieldpieces&rdquoagainstapowerfulenemy,that,too,hastheflavorofa&ldquonormalarmy.&rdquo 3.Susane,Histoiredel'infanteriefrançaise,1:106. 4.CollectedWritings(GesammelteSchriften),1:327,364. 5.EssaigénéraldeTactique,2:41,Ed.of1772. 6.Jähns,3:2861. 7.Bülow,SpiritoftheNewerMilitarySystem(GeistdesneuerenKriegssystems),p.209. 8.IntheGeneral-Prinzipien(1748)inthearticleonthecampaignplans.Inthe&ldquoRéflexionssurlatactique&rdquo(1758),Oeuvres,28:155.ToPrinceHenry,dated8March1760,15November1760,21April1761,24May1761,15June1761.IntheintroductiontotheHistoryoftheSevenYears'War(GeschichtedesSiebenjährigenKrieges). MarlboroughwroteinasimilarwaytohisfriendGodolphinafterhisvictoryatOudenarde,sayingthatifithadnotbeenabsolutelynecessary,hewouldhaveavoidedexposinghimselftothedangerouschancesofabattle.Coxe,Marlborough,LifeandLetters. 9.Forexample,on15and16August1761,where,withconsiderablesuperiority,hecouldhaveattackedaRussiancorps.Bernhardi,FriedrichderGrossealsFeldherr,2:358ff.,describesthesituationveryclearlyandfindstheexplanationonlyinakindofmood,thatis,thatthekinghaddeterminedtofighttheAustrians,andnottheRussiansinanopenbattle. 10.Guibert,Essaigénéraldetactique,1:33:&ldquoEverywherethatthekingofPrussiacouldmaneuver,hehadsuccesses.Almosteverywherethathewasforcedtodobattle,hewasbeaten&mdasheventsthatprovetowhatextenthistroopsweresuperiorintactics,eveniftheywerenotincourage.&rdquo 第四篇 國民軍時代 1 革命與入侵 1.ContributionstotheArtofWar(BeyträgezurKriegskunst),Vol.II,foreword. 2.GeneralLloyd'sTreatiseontheGeneralPrinciplesoftheArtofWar(DesH.GeneralvonLloydsAbhandlungüberdieallgemeinenGrundsätzederKriegskunst),Germanedition,p.18. 3.FrederickwrotetoFouquéin1758:&ldquoCannonfireandmusketfireupwardfromalowerpositionhavenoeffect,andtoattacktheenemywithfiringfrombelowmeansfightingagainstweaponswithsticksitisimpossible.&rdquo 4.ThedecisivestatementsbyBülowarecollectedinCaemmerer,TheDevelopmentoftheScienceofStrategyintheNineteenthCentury(DieEntwicklungderstrategischenWissenschaftim19.Jahrhundert),1904,butnotenoughattentionisgiventothefactthatanumberofBülow'sdisputedstatementsareverysimilartosomethatappearinthewritingsofFredericktheGreat. 5.GeschichtederKriegskunst,2:949. 6.E.Daniels,&ldquoFerdinandvonBraunschweig,&rdquoPreussischeJahrbücher,Vols.77-80,82. 2 革命軍 1.DelaJonquière,LaBatailledeJemappes,Paris,1902,givestheAustrians16,000menonpage124,butabare14,000menonpage143;onpage146Dumouriezissaidtohavehadbetween40,000and42,00®men,includingHarville'scorps,whichprovidedimportantcooperation. 2.TheresultsoftheFebruaryrecruitingwereestimatedat180,000men,whilethelevéeenmasseofAugustproducedbetween425,000and450,000.Kuhl,Bonaparte'sFirstCampaign(BonapartesersterFeldzug),pp.32-33. 3.AccordingtotheapparentlygenerallyreliabledescriptionbyDuruyinthememoirsofBarras. 4.Ofcourse,otherjudgmentsconcerningthenewlyformedFrenchofficercorpsreadinquitetheoppositewayforexample,vonderMarwitz,Autobiography(Lebensbeschreibung),editedbyMeusel,1:459. 5.AccordingtotheWarsofFredericktheGreat(KriegeFriedrichsdesGrossen)bytheGreatGeneralStaff,Vol.1,SupplementNo.2,p.38,thathadalreadybeenthecasein1740. 6.Lehmann,Scharnhorst,2:147. 7.SupplementstotheMilitär-Wochenblatt,1901,p.436. 8.ThatiscorrectlygivenstrongemphasisbyCaemmerer,TheDevelopmentoftheStrategicScienceintheNineteenthCentury(DieEntwicklungderstrategischenWissenschaftim19.Jahrhundert),1904,Chap.2. 9.Klippel,LifeofScharnhorst(LebenScharnhorsts),1:44,note.Theagreementinprincipleexpressedherewasneverthelessverylimitedfromapracticalviewpoint,accordingtoLehmann,Scharnhorst,1:51. 10.Jähns,3:2588. 11.Certainlywithaccuracy.Kuhl,p.43. 12.AparticularlyvaluablewitnessisDuhesme,whoparticipatedinthewarsoftherevolutionfromthestartandin1814,asalieutenantgeneral,publishedabook,EssayontheLightInfantry(Essaisurl'infanterielégère),whichhehadbeguntowritein1805.Heshowsthatskirmishingwasacceptedonlyasanexpedient,andonp.114hesaysthatin1793theentireFrenchinfantryhadadoptedthecombatmethodofthelightinfantry.Thispointisnotexpressedentirelyappropriately,since,ofcourse,thenewcombatmethodconsistednotonlyofskirmishingbutalsoofthefollowingassaultcolumns,whichdidnotbelongtothenatureofthelightinfantry. 13.ThequotationsarefromKuhl,p.44. 14.HermannGiehrlreportsveryclearlyandaccuratelyfromthesourcesconcerningotherbranchesofNapoleon'smilitaryactivityinhisworkGeneralNapoleonasanOrganizer(DerFeldherrNapoleonalsOrganisator),ObservationsonHisMeansofTransportandCommunications,HisMethodsofWorkingandCommand,Berlin,E.S.MittlerandSon,1911. 15.2:360. 16.ReprintedinKlippel,3:40. 17.Inathoroughstudy,&ldquoTheExpenditureofManpowerinthePrincipalBattlesoftheLastCenturies&rdquo(&ldquoDerMenschenverbrauchindenHauptschlachtenderletztenJahrhunderte&rdquo),PreussischeJahrbücher,72(1893):105,GustavRoloffestablishedawavelikefallingandrisingofthecasualtyfiguressincetheseventeenthcentury,inwhichvariousfactors(weapons,tactics,strategy)worktogetherandinoppositiontooneanother. 18.Freytag-Loringhoven,Napoleon'sMilitaryLeadership(DieHeerführungNapoleons),p.43,estimatedfor1809&ldquohardlymorethanoneandahalfcannonfor1,000men,&rdquoandfor1812heestimatesthreeandahalf. 19.Caemmerer,HistoryofStrategicScience(GeschichtederstrategischenWissenschaft),p.14f.,fromColin,L'EducationmilitairedeNapoléon. 20.CaemmerergivesamasterfulsurveyofthedifferenceinbattleleadershipbetweenFrederickandNapoleoninDefenseandWeapons(WehrundWaffen),2:100ff.,especiallyp.108. 21.AccordingtoLehmann,Scharnhorst,2:149. 22.HistoryoftheInfantry(GeschichtederInfanterie),2:296. 23.CompareGneisenau'sstatementtoYorkontheeveningofthebattleontheKatzbach.Delbrück,LifeofGneisenau(LebenGneisenaus),1:342.On24October1805NapoleonwroteinAugsburgtothegeneralintendantofthearmy,Petit,thathehadnecessarilyoperatedwithoutdepotsbutdespitethefavorableseasonandtherepeatedvictories,thesoldiershadsufferedagreatdeal.&ldquoInaseasonwhentherewerenopotatoesinthefields,orifthearmyexperiencedsomereverses,thelackofdepotswouldleadtothegreatestmisfortunes.&rdquo 24.Lauristontothemajorgeneral,25May1813: ImustcalltheattentionofYourHighnesstothemarchofthetroops.Thelackofsuppliessinceseveraldayscausesthesoldiertodareeverythinginordertoprocurerations.Therearedefinitelyfewerstragglersthantherearemenwhomoveoutaheadatthemomenttheysightsometownorvillage.Thegeneralsmakeeveryefforttostopthisdisorderthesmallnumberofofficersparalyzesthesemeasures,especiallybecausetheofficersthemselvesarelookingforfoodstuffs(Rousset,Lagrandearméede1813). TheconnectionbetweendisciplineandregularrationsisindicatedverywellinacorpsorderbyBlücher(drawnupbyGneisenau)of8May1813:&ldquoInordertomaintainourdisciplinewemustbesuretoimpressonthesoldierontheonehandthatweareusingeverymeasureatourdisposaltosatisfyhisneeds,butontheotherhandwemustalsoobserveastricteconomy.&rdquoAnditgoesontosay:&ldquo...sothatthesoldieriscompletelyconvincedoftheconcernofhissuperiors...&rdquoReportedinthe&ldquoLifeofReiher&rdquo(&ldquoLebenReihers&rdquo),SupplementstotheMilitär-Wochenblatt,1861,p.84. 25.vonLettow-Vorbeck,&ldquoTheFrenchConscriptionunderNapoleonI&rdquo)(&ldquoDiefranzösischeKonskriptionunterNapoleonI.&rdquo),SupplementstotheMilitär-Wochenblatt,1892,Book3. 3 拿破侖的戰略 1.NapoleonasCommander(NapoleonalsFeldherr),byCountYork,isapopularandfrequentlyreadbook,andIhavetakenpointshereandtherefromitnevertheless,itsmostimportantpointsmustberejected.Theauthordepends,tohisdetriment,moreonJominithanonClausewitz.ItisasiftheoldGneisenau-Yorkantagonismoncemorewasexpressedhere,asifthegrandsonofGeneralYorkwasunwillingtorecognizethefriendanddiscipleofGneisenau,Clausewitz.Hisstudyofthesourcesisofteninsufficient,andwemustparticularlyrejecttheideathatNapoleon'spowerwasdecliningfrom1809onandthathefellbecauseofhisowndoings.Aprincipalpassagethathecitesasproof(2:95,lettertoClarkeof21August1809)isbasedonanerroneoustranslation.Napoleondoesnotsaythatonemaybeallowedtofightabattleonly&ldquowhenonehasnonewturnoffortunetohopefor,&rdquobutthatoneshouldnotfightaslongasonecanhopethatthechancesofsuccesswillstillincrease.Seenote4,below. 2.ThoughtsandGeneralRulesforWar(Penséesetrèglesgénéralspourlaguerre),1755.Article:&ldquoProjetsdecampagne.&rdquo 3.Seep.313abovefurther,toWinterfeld,5August1757:&ldquoIintendedtomarchbetweenReichenbachandBernstädtelinordertocausehim(theenemy)jealousyoverGörlitzifthisworks,thatwillbegood,butifheisunwillingtomovefromZittau,IwillbeforcedtoattackhimwhereIfindhim.Idonotknowanythingelsetodo.&rdquo 4.Totheministerofwar,Clarke,21August1809:&ldquo...thatbattlesshouldnottakeplaceifonecannotestimateinhisfavor70chancesforsuccessoutof100,eventhatonemayfightabattleonlywhenonehasnonewchancestoexpect,sincebyitsnaturetheoutcomeofabattleisalwaysdoubtfulbutoncethedecisionismade,onemustconquerorperish.&rdquo 5.ToPrinceHenry,8March1760. 6.ThepassagesinwhichNapoleonexpresseshimselfinfavorofkeepingallhistroopsassembledbeforethebattlearecollectedinanexcellentstudybyBalck,&ldquoNapoleonicPreparationforBattleandBattleLeadership&rdquo(&ldquoNapoleonischeSchlachtenanlageundSchlachtenleitung&rdquo),supplementstotheMilitär-Wochenblatt,Book2,1901. 7.SimilarlyinOeuvresXXIX,pp.70,78,91,143.&ldquoRéflexionssurlesprojetsdecampagne,&rdquo1775.&ldquoExposésurlegouvernementprussien,&rdquo1776.&ldquoRéflexionssurlesmesuresàprendreaucasd'uneguerrenouvelleaveclesAutrichiens,&rdquo(&ldquoReflectionsontheMeasurestoBeTakeninCaseofaNewWarwiththeAustrians&rdquo),1779. 8.Forthedetails,thereaderisreferredto&ldquoStudiesontheFirstPhaseoftheCampaignof1796inItaly&rdquo(&ldquoStudienzurerstenPhasedesFeldzugesvon1796inItalien&rdquo),byErichEckstorff,Berlindissertation,1901,wherethecompletelyfalseaccountsbyJominiandCountYorkarerefutedandanerrorbyClausewitzisalsocorrected. 9.ThethreequotationsarefromKuhl,Bonaparte'sFirstCampaign,1796(BonapartesersterFeldzug,1796),Berlin,1902,p.319. 10.LettertoFieldMarshalLehwaldtof16April1757. 11.TheFrenchhistorians,forexample,MartinandThiers,findNapoleon'sjudgmenttobeinspiredbyhisownself-love,whichwasnotwillingtorecognizeanybodyonaparwithhim.Itmaybethatsuchafeelinghadsomethingtodowiththissomewhatdisparagingexpression.ButthatMoreau,incontrasttoBonaparte,was&ldquomethodical&rdquoisconcededevenbyhisadmirers,orifonewishes,itispointedoutbythemforexample,inastudyintheParisianwararchives(Dépôtdelaguerre)of1829.QuotedbyLortdeSérignan,p.212. 12.Wiehr,NapoleonandBernadotteintheAutumnCampaignof1813(NapoleonundBernadotteimHerbstfeldzug1813),p.61. 13.ThecomparisonbetweenthestrategyofMoreauandthatofNapoleonwascorrectlypresentedforthefirsttimeinthetwodissertationsTheodorEggerking,&ldquoMoreauasCommanderintheCampaignsof1796and1799&rdquo(&ldquoMoreaualsFeldherrindenFeldzügen1796und1799&rdquo),Berlin,1914;andSiegfriedMette,&ldquoNapoleonandMoreauinTheirPlansfortheCampaignof1800&rdquo(&ldquoNapoleonundMoreauinihrenPlänenfürdenFeldzugvon1800&rdquo),Berlin,R.Trenkel,1915.AlfredHerrmann'swork,Marengo,Münster,1903,isinterestingbutattimesovercritical,anditoftenseeserrorsinNapoleon'sconductofwarpreciselyinthoseplaceswherehisgreatnessactuallylies.SeeinthisconnectionthereviewbyE.Daniels,PreussischeJahrbücher,116:347.Thecorrectconceptofthecampaign,basedmostappropriatelyonthesources,istobefoundintheworkbyMajorDeCugnac,LacampagnedeMarengo,Paris,1904.ReviewbyvonCaemmerer,MilitärischeLiteraturzeitschrift2(1905):86. WelearnaboutMoreauin1813fromhisconversationwithBernadotteintheCollectionoftheOrdersofCharlesJohn,RoyalPrinceofSweden(RecueildesordresdeCharlesJean,PrinceroyaldeSuède),Stockholm,1838,p.11.Hedidnotexerciseanoticeableinfluence. 14.EveninthebookNapoléonetlesgrandsgénérauxdelarévolutionetdel'empire,byLortdeSérignan,Paris,1914,despitethegenerallycorrectorientation,thereallyimportantaspectoftheproblemisstillnotyetgrasped.TheauthorconsidersonlyDavoutasacompletediscipleofNapoleon.HeconsidersLecourbe,Desaix,andSt.CyrasdisciplesofMoreau.Thefrequentlyexpressedstatement,whichisalsoacceptedbySérignan,thatNapoleonformednodisciplesbutonlytools,Iwouldliketorejectexpressly. 15.ThesepassagesarefromtheBasicPrinciplesofStrategy(GrundsätzederStrategie),1813. 16.ThetheoriesandwritingsofthearchdukearetreatedexcellentlybyHeinrichOmmeninTheConductofWarofArchdukeCharles(DieKriegführungdesErzherzogsKarl),Berlin,E.Ebering,1900.Thearmyorganization,tactics,rationssystem,andsoon,arealsotreatedveryclearlyinthiswork.Inhisdiscussionofstrategy,however,Ommenmakesamistake.Heunderstandstheoldstrategytoomuchasasimplestrategyofmaneuver,whichitbecameonlyinthosecaseswhereitstiffened,andhethereforebringsthearchdukeintoanoppositiontothatstrategy,anoppositionwhichdidnotactuallyexist(p.13).SeeW.Kraus,&ldquoDieStrategiedesErzherzogsKarl1796,&rdquoBerlindissertation,1913. 17.RühlevonLilienstern,ReportofanEyewitnessoftheCampaignofPrinceHohenlohe(BerichteinesAugenzeugenvomFeldzugdesFürstenHohenlohe),1807,1:63. 18.Seemyarticle&ldquoErzherzogCarl&rdquointheRecollections(Erinnerungen),p.590.SeealsointhisconnectionKriegsgeschichtlicheEinzelschriften,27:380,whereoldertheoreticiansarecited,whoseteachingswereadoptedbythearchduke. 19.AugustMenge,TheBattleofAspern(DieSchlachtbeiAspern),Berlin,GeorgStilke,1900.Holtzheimer,&ldquoSchlachtbeiWagram,&rdquoBerlindissertation,1904.InhisbookNapoleonasCommander,2:247,CountYorkcomparedNapoleonwithFrederickandArchdukeCharlesinthefollowingmanner: IftheNapoleonicstrategypossessedagrandeurinitsplansandaboldnessinitsexecutionthatI,atleast,cannotrecognizetothesamedegreeinFrederickorArchdukeCharles,ontheotherhandthebehaviorofthelattertwodoesnotshowthedeclinefromtheearliersummittheyremainedtruetotheirownconduct,evenifthisneverreachedthefullmilitarygreatnessoftheNapoleonic. Thiskindofcomparisonmustberejectedineveryrespect.NeitherdidNapoleondeclinefromhissummit,normaythearchdukebecomparedwithFrederickinthisway,normaythedifferenceintheirepochsbeignoredinthecomparisonbetweenNapoleonandFrederick,normaythechangeinFrederickhimselfbeleftoutofconsideration.Ifoneclaimedtomeasurestrategistsonlybythe&ldquograndeuroftheirplansandtheboldnessintheirexecution,&rdquothenofcourseitwouldbepreciselyFrederickwho&ldquodeclinedfromhissummit.&rdquo 20.Inconjunctionwiththisbattle,NapoleononcedevelopedforanAustrianofficerthedifferencebetweenhisconductofbattleandthatoftheAustrians(quoted,forexample,inKnesebecksTrilogie,andinRanke,in&ldquoHardenberg,&rdquoWerke,48:125).RankefindsthatitisageneralizeddescriptionoftheseconddayofWagram.Thepassageherereadsasfollows: Younormallymoveforwardinsmallcorpsthatarebroughttogetherasawholebyyourbattleplanyoumakeyourdispositionsonthedaybeforethebattle,whenyoudonotyetknowtheenemy'smaneuver.Indoingso,youcanonlytakeintoaccounttheterrain.IdonotdeploybeforethebattleduringthenightbeforethebattleIkeepmytroopscarefullyassembled.Atthefirstraysofthesun,Ireconnoitertheenemy.AssoonasIaminformedabouthismovements,Imakemydispositions,buttheyarebasedmoreontheenemythanontheterrain. IcannotfindthatinthispointNapoleonhitpreciselyonthedifferencebetweentheFrenchandtheAustrians.Itisratherthedifferencebetweentheoffensivebattleandthedefensivethatheportrays.ForthatreasonitisapplicabletothebattleofWagram.AtAusterlitz,however,Napoleon,too,madehisbattleplanontheprecedingdayanddeployedhistroopsinconformancewiththeterrain.Iftherewasontheothersidenocommanderwhowaiteduntilthemorningofthebattletoordertheapproachmarchandtheattack,butinsteadthegeneralstaffprovidedforadetaileddisposition,thatstilldoesnotmeanthattheimportantanddecisivedifferenceoftheopposingarrangementsistobefoundpreciselyinthispoint. 21.On11October1805NapoleonhadBerthierwritetoMarmontasfollows: InallthelettersthatGeneralMarmontwritesme,hespeakstomeaboutrations.Irepeattohimthatinthewarsofmovementandinvasionthattheemperoriswagingtherearenodepotsitisthebusinessofthecommandinggeneralsofthecorpstoprovideforthemselvesthemeansoffeedingthetroopsintheareasthroughwhichtheymarch. On8July1812wordwassenttoPoniatowskithatHisMajestywasverydissatisfiedtoseethathespokeofpayandbreadwhenitwasaquestionofpursuingtheenemy. 22.TheaccountinmyGneisenauissupplementedbyanarticle&ldquoGeneralWolseleyonNapoleon,WellingtonandGneisenau&rdquoinmyRecollections,Articles,andSpeeches(Erinnerungen,Aufsätze,undReden). 23.See&ldquoOntheDifference,etc.&rdquo(&ldquoUeberdieVerschiedenheit,usw&rdquo)inmyHistoricalandPoliticalEsays(HistorischeundPolitischeAufsätze),P.273;2dEd,p.269f.,and&ldquoFrederick,Napoleon,Moltke,&rdquoP.45,whereitisexplainedthatevenwhenabattlewasinprospect,aswasactuallythecasein1778,thatdidnotchangeanythinginthestrategicbasiccharacterofthewarplan.Afterall,therearealsobattlesinthestrategyofattrition. 24.Koser,FriedrichderGrosse,2:400(4thEd.)understandsitinthisway:&ldquoInkeepingwithFrederick'stheory,thefinaldecisioninawarbetweenPrussiaandAustriawouldnecessarilytakeplaceinMoravia.&rdquoAsimilarcommentisonp.457.Inanotherpassage(p.585)itwasquoted,ontheotherhand,that&ldquothemainblowwastobestruckattheenemybythecaptureofPrague,&rdquofromwhichhewouldnotbeabletorecover.Theerrorliesinthefactthatadecisivesignificanceisattributedtothequestion&ldquoBohemiaorMoravia?&rdquoassuch.Thesignificance,howevervariesaccordingtothecircumstances.Aspracticehasindeedshown,ononeoccasionitistheonecountry,andontheotheroccasiontheothercountrywhereitappearsmoreadvantageoustoseekthedecision.Intheory,acampaignintoMoraviaofferedmanyadvantages,buttheywerenotsogreatastopreventFrederickveryfrequentlyfrompreferringtomoveintoBohemia. 4 沙恩霍斯特、格奈澤瑙、克勞塞維茨 1.Lehmann,Scharnhorst,1:254. 2.AccordingtothesupplementinLehmann'sScharnhorst,1:543,PrinceFerdinandofBraunschweigwasperhapstheveryfirsttoexpressthisideaofusingthethirdrankfortheskirmisherfight,wheninJanuary1761hecommandedageneralintheHanoverianlighttroopstoequipthethirdrankwithgrooved-boremuskets. 3.DocumentaryContributionstotheHistoryofthePrussianArmy(UrkundlicheBeiträgezurGeschichtedespreussischenHeeres),Vol.5,&ldquoTheCombatTrainingofthePrussianInfantryof1806&rdquo(&ldquoDieGefechtsausbildungderpreussichenInfanterievon1806&rdquo),byJany,1903.Möllendorff'sorderreadsasfollows:&ldquoThepositionofthemusketmustbeshowntothemenbetter,sothattheynolongerleantheirheadagainstthestockandaim,asformerly,butpressthebuttagainsttheshoulder,holdingtheheadupright,andthusholdthemuskethorizontallyasHisMajestytheKingprimarilyremindedthemandcommandedatthisyear'sreview.&rdquoIn1807theReorganizationCommissionrecommendedthe&ldquointroductionofstocksmoredefinitelycurved,whichmakeaimingpossible.&rdquoScherbening,TheReorganizationofthePrussianArmy(DieReorganisationderpreussischenArmee). 4.LifeofGneisenau(LebenGneisenaus),3dEd.,1907.Supplementedbythearticle&ldquoNewInformationon1813&rdquo(&ldquoNeuesüber1813&rdquo),PreussischeJahrbücher,Vol.157,July,1914.&ldquoGeneralvonClausewitz”&ldquoThePrussianOfficerClass&rdquo(&ldquoDerpreussischeOffizierstand&rdquo)&mdashbotharticlesintheHistoricalandPoliticalEssays(HistorischeundpolitischeAufsätze),2dEd.,1907.&ldquoOnMaxLehmann'sStein&rdquo(&ldquoUeberMaxLehmannsStein&rdquo),PreussischeJahrbücher,Vol.134,1908.&ldquoFromArminiustoScharnhorst&rdquo(&ldquoVonArminbisScharnhorst&rdquo),inthecollectionInDefenseandWeapons(InWehrundWaffen),editedbyvonCaemmererandvonArdenne. 5.VerywellexplainedbyOmmen,TheConductofWarofArchdukeCharles(DieKriegführungdesErzherzogsKarl). 6.ThesamethingisreportedbyValoryofthePrussiancavalryin1742,Brandenburgisch-PreussischeForschungen,7:310.ValorywrotethatanoutstandingPrussianofficerhadtoldhimthatinthebattleofChotusitz,whenthecloselyformedPrussiansquadronshadreachedtheenemy,itwasfirstnecessarytoshouttothementhattheyweretostrikewiththeirsabers.FrederickhimselftoldthesamethingtoCountGisors.Rousset,LecomtedeGisors,p.105. 7.AccordingtoA.Müffling,MyLife(MeinLeben),p.31. 8.Fr.Meinecke,LifeofBoyen(LebenBoyens). 9.Theseinstructionsarefromtheyear1809,andtheywerethenassembledastrainingregulationsin1812.Asacontinuationofthedistinctionbetweenlineinfantryandlightinfantry,therestillalsoremainedthedifferencebetweenthemusketeer(orgrenadier)battalionsandthefusilierbattalions,butthisdifferencecanbepassedover,sinceithadnopracticalsignificance. 10.ThehistoryofthewarsofliberationhasinnoworkbeenatthesametimemoreextensivelydevelopedandmoreconfusedthanbytheMemorableRecollectionsfromtheLifeoftheImperialRussianGeneralofInfantryCarlFrederickCountvonToll(DenkwürdigkeitenausdemLebendeskaiserlichenrussischenGeneralsderInfanterieCarlFriedrichGrafenvonToll)byTheodorvonBernhardi.Thebookisexcellentlywritten,theauthorisacompetentmilitaryanalyst,andthepapersleftbyTollprovidedhimthemostvaluablematerial&mdashitisnowonderthatforalongtimehisjudgmentenjoyedanalmostsaintlyrespect.I,too,longdeferredtohisauthorityandonlybylaboriousresearchlearnedtoovercomehisprejudice,pointbypoint. 11.Criticalextremistshavealsoputteredaroundwiththisgreatdeed.InadditiontomyGneisenau,thesehavealsobeenverywellrejectedbyCaemmererinTheWarsofLiberation.AStrategicSurvey(DieBefreiungskriege.EinstrategischerUeberblick),1907. [1]尼德蘭(Netherlands)的意思就是低地,曆史上大緻包括今天的荷蘭(正式國名為尼德蘭)、比利時、盧森堡三國和德國的一部分。

    下文中的&ldquo荷蘭&rdquo有時與尼德蘭同義。

     [2]本名皮埃爾·泰拉伊(PierreTerrail),巴亞爾城堡領主(1473&mdash1524),有&ldquo無可挑剔的騎士&rdquo之稱,投靠法王查理八世後揚名于意大利戰争。

     [3]作者是第一代維耶維埃爾領主弗朗索瓦(1509&mdash1571),法國官員和外交官,弗朗索瓦一世時期為禦前顧問和元帥。

     [4]埃爾(ell)是中世紀的布匹長度單位。

     [5]如無特殊說明,本章及之後提到的&ldquo火器&rdquo(firearms)指的都是槍炮一類的管式火器,不包括手榴彈、地雷等同樣利用火藥爆炸能量的武器。

     [6]即魔術彈。

     [7]巴伐利亞軍人(約1520&mdash1575),曾效力于3位皇帝帳下,代表作是3卷本《兵書》(Kriegsbuch)。

     [8]文藝複興時期德意志數學家(1488&mdash1552),任教于巴塞爾大學,以制作地圖和教授宇宙學聞名。

     [9]全名為弗朗索瓦·德拉努(1531&mdash1591),法國胡格諾派首領和軍人,著有《軍政論集》(Discourspolitiquesetmilitaires)一書。

     [10]即勃蘭登堡藩侯,因其有資格參與選舉皇帝,故有&ldquo選帝侯&rdquo之稱。

     [11]全名阿爾布雷希特·瓦倫斯坦,又譯華倫斯坦,波希米亞貴族,三十年戰争(1618&mdash1648)中帝國一方的傑出将領。

     [12]這個詞在現代指的是最高級軍銜&ldquo元帥&rdquo,但若譯為&ldquo元帥&rdquo,則不符合上下文和曆史語境。

    前面的&ldquo團長&rdquo和&ldquo隊長&rdquo也是類似的情況,對應現代的上校和上尉軍銜,但此時是實際職務。

     [13]全名加斯帕爾·德·科利尼(1519&mdash1572),法國軍人和政治家,法國宗教戰争時期的胡格諾派領袖,最後死于天主教勢力發動的聖巴托洛缪大屠殺。

     [14]名為費爾南多·阿爾瓦雷斯·德·托萊多(FernandoÁlvarezdeToledo),西班牙軍事家,曾效力于查理五世皇帝、法國國王腓力二世等君主,曾殘酷鎮壓弗蘭德斯革命,以恐怖政策聞名。

     [15]法國軍人(約1537&mdash1614),曾任布朗托姆修道院長,著有《風流傳》(Viedesdamesgalantes)。

     [16]即萊比錫。

    萊比錫是選帝侯薩克森公爵的首都,當時薩克森公國與皇帝站在一邊,此戰後被瑞典占領。

     [17]1意大利裡約1852米。

     [18]文藝複興時期的著名女詩人,法夫裡希奧·科隆納的女兒。

     [19]查理五世的弟弟,時為波希米亞和匈牙利國王,後來成為皇帝。

    此處說的&ldquo姐妹&rdquo雖不确切,但應該是他的妹妹瑪麗,她之前是匈牙利攝政,輔佐哥哥斐迪南,當時擔任尼德蘭總督。

     [20]即佛羅倫薩民兵。

    佛羅倫薩共和國以佛羅倫薩城為基礎,統治周邊的托斯卡納地區。

     [21]古羅馬名将法比烏斯也有同樣的稱号,他曾運用拖延戰略擊敗了漢尼拔。

     [22]羅馬帝國開國君主奧古斯都的侄子,在政治和軍事領域都野心勃勃,結果死在了意大利南部的一場伏擊中。

     [23]一位以聰明機智聞名的羅馬裁縫。

    羅馬城内有一座雕像名叫&ldquo帕斯奎諾&rdquo,自16世紀初成為市民張貼标語、表達見解的場所,它據說就得名于這位裁縫。

     [24]本意就是方的陣形,但為了與步兵方陣做一區分,本書之後談及騎兵時會用&ldquo方隊&rdquo一詞。

     [25]阿爾喀比亞德是古希臘著名統帥,在這裡是阿爾布雷希特的綽号。

     [26]這兩個詞的字面意義都是&ldquo騎兵&rdquo&ldquo騎手&rdquo。

     [27]胡格諾戰争,又稱法國宗教戰争,是1562&mdash1598年中天主教陣營與新教徒(胡格諾派)陣營之間發生的8次戰争的統稱。

     [28]原文為prisoner&rsquosbase,一種盛行于中世紀的遊戲。

    玩家分成兩隊,各有一個基地,目标是抓住離開基地的對方玩家。

     [29]法國宗教戰争中的軍事家和政治家,曾代表天主教陣營大破新教軍隊,後來卻被法國國王亨利三世設計殺害。

     [30]按照本書的劃分,馬匹的步伐從慢到快可分為慢步(walk)、快步(trot)和襲步(gallop),各自内部又有細分,比如高速慢步、低速快步等。

    當然,其他劃分方式也是有的。

     [31]中世紀騎士需要掌握的六種技能,包括劍術、騎術、遊泳、矛術、棋藝、吟詩。

    其他的說法也有,比如将矛術換成狩獵。

     [32]波蘭貴族,波蘭名為揚(Jan),紮甘公爵揚一世幼子(紮甘是波蘭的一個地區,波蘭語中叫作&ldquo?agań&rdquo),1477年因繼承權糾紛而與阿爾布雷希特·阿喀琉斯開戰。

     [33]中文世界通稱&ldquo奧蘭治親王威廉&rdquo,但Prince的頭銜與親王無關,隻是某地領主的意思,持有者未必與皇帝或國王有親緣關系。

     [34]約翰是前面提到的拿騷伯爵威廉·路易的弟弟,他們的父親去世後将領地分割,長子威廉·路易繼承伯爵之位,其餘四子各有領地。

     [35]指的是帕爾馬公爵亞曆山大·法爾内塞,1578&mdash1592年擔任西屬尼德蘭總督。

     [36]德意志法學家和曆史學家(1605&mdash1678),曾在古斯塔夫·阿道夫帳下服役。

     [37]全名為蒂伊伯爵約翰·采克拉斯(JohannTserclaes,CountofTilly),生于1559年,死于1632年,三十年戰争期間擔任天主教聯盟的統帥,從1620年以來多次擊敗新教軍隊,直到1631年在萊比錫附近的布賴滕費爾德慘敗于古斯塔夫·阿道夫。

     [38]1455&mdash1485年間的英格蘭内戰,起因是蘭開斯特家族與約克家族争奪王位。

     [39]全名約翰·漢普登(JohnHampden),議會軍領袖,克倫威爾的堂兄,1643年戰死。

     [40]主張廢除教階、教區地方自治的英格蘭教派,在内戰和護國公時期地位顯赫。

     [41]普法爾茨選侯腓特烈五世的一個外号,指的是他曾在1619年8月至1620年11月短暫地當過波希米亞國王。

     [42]全名為弗裡茨·赫尼希(1848&mdash1902),德國軍官和軍事作家。

    此語出自他的三卷本《奧利弗·克倫威爾》(OlivierCromwell)。

     [43]全名為查爾斯·哈定·弗思(1857&mdash1936),英國曆史學家。

    此語出自他的《克倫威爾的軍隊》(Cromwell&rsquosArmy)一書。

     [44]全名路德維希·普費弗爾(1524&mdash1594),瑞士步兵統領,瑞士聯邦中的天主教利益代言人,是16世紀後半葉瑞士政界的關鍵人物。

     [45]新教一方的薩克森-魏瑪公國将領(1604&mdash1639)。

     [46]時為1556年。

     [47]名為馬克西米利安·德貝蒂讷(MaximiliendeBéthune),第一代叙利公爵(1560&mdash1641),法國宗教戰争時期的胡格諾派大臣,亨利四世的得力助手。

     [48]發生于1701&mdash1714年。

     [49]亨利三世于1574&mdash1589年在位。

     [50]德國曆史上的一個國家,1618年勃蘭登堡選侯通過聯姻手段奪取了普魯士王國的繼承權,從此兩國組成共主邦聯。

    1701年,皇帝将普魯士升格為王國,于是普魯士王國取代了勃蘭登堡-普魯士的名号。

     [51]名為腓特烈·威廉,是前一段提到的勃蘭登堡選侯之子,1640&mdash1688年在位。

     [52]普魯士王國的第二代國王,1713&mdash1740年在位,綽号&ldquo士兵王&rdquo,他的父親是勃蘭登堡選侯腓特烈三世,建立王号後稱腓特烈一世。

    不要将他與前文提到的腓特烈·威廉選侯混淆,後者是他的祖父。

     [53]全名威廉·蒂利希(1571&mdash1650),德國工程師和建築師。

     [54]德國諷刺小說,作者為格裡美爾斯豪森,書中講述了一名三十年戰争中的小人物的人生悲喜劇。

     [55]全名為格奧爾格·馮·德夫林格(1606&mdash1695),勃蘭登堡-普魯士元帥,曾受大選侯腓特烈·威廉重用,但兩人關系時好時壞。

     [56]指的是一戰前的沙俄。

    波蘭在18世紀被俄國、普魯士、奧地利瓜分。

     [57]前身是17世紀德意志地區獨立于教會學校的世俗學校,1717年普魯士國王腓特烈·威廉一世推行以&ldquo國民學校&rdquo為名的義務教育,接收7歲至12歲的兒童。

     [58]全名為格奧爾格·海因裡希·馮·貝倫霍斯特(1733&mdash1814),普魯士軍官,當時聞名的兵學家。

     [59]&ldquo語法&rdquo(Grammatik)在德語中是陰性名詞,所以定冠詞應該用die,但這位将軍用了陽性的定冠詞der。

     [60]德意志解放戰争是1813年德意志各邦反對拿破侖統治的戰争。

    七年戰争發生于1756&mdash1763年。

     [61]普魯士和奧地利争奪西裡西亞的戰争,分别發生于1744&mdash1745年和1756&mdash1763年。

     [62]歐根指的是奧地利将軍薩伏伊的歐根(1663&mdash1736)。

    馬爾伯勒指的是英國著名将領,第一代馬爾伯勒公爵約翰·丘吉爾(1650&mdash1722)。

    兩人比腓特烈大帝(1712&mdash1786)大緻早兩至三代人。

     [63]全名利奧波德·約瑟夫·馮·道恩(1705&mdash1766),奧地利王位繼承戰争和七年戰争中的奧軍元帥。

     [64]特蘭西瓦尼亞的德文名,今為羅馬尼亞中西部。

     [65]指的是盧森堡公爵弗朗索瓦-亨利(1628&mdash1695),法國将軍。

     [66]希臘神話中的太陽神赫利俄斯之子,駕着父親的太陽馬車漫天亂竄,于是宙斯發出一道閃電,讓他連人帶車掉進了海裡。

     [67]又稱曼圖恩會戰,英軍憑借機槍擊敗了大舉來攻的蘇丹馬赫迪軍。

     [68]即滑鐵盧會戰。

     [69]這裡是将沙恩霍斯特比作耶稣。

    約翰和彼得都是耶稣的門徒。

    約翰常被認為是耶稣&ldquo所愛的門徒&rdquo。

    彼得為教會的建立付出了許多心血,但耶稣被捕後曾3次不承認自己是耶稣的門徒,即&ldquo彼得不認主&rdquo。